Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional physical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to assess the efficiency of PVDF MBRs in treating domestic wastewater. The experimental investigation

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a popular technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their unique structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a permeable hollow core and a solid outer layer, provide a extensive surface area for biofilmdevelopment and effective separation